Социальный статус примеры из жизни: Примеры социального статуса человека

Человек не существует вне общества. Мы взаимодействуем с другими людьми, вступаем с ними в различные отношения. Для обозначения положения человека среди себе подобных и характеристики поведения индивида в тех или иных ситуациях учёные ввели понятия «социальный статус» и «социальная роль».

О социальном статусе

Социальный статус личности – это не только место человека в системе общественных отношений, но и права, обязанности, диктуемые занимаемым положением. Так, статус врача даёт право диагностировать и лечить пациентов, но в то же время обязывает доктора соблюдать трудовую дисциплину и добросовестно выполнять свою работу.

Понятие социального статуса впервые предложил американский антрополог Р. Линтон. Учёный внёс большой вклад в изучение проблем личности, её взаимодействия с другими членами общества.

Статусы есть на предприятии, в семье, политической партии, детском саду, школе, университете, словом, везде, где организованная группа людей занимается социально значимой деятельностью и члены группы состоят в определённых отношениях друг с другом.

Человек находится в нескольких статусах одновременно. Например, мужчина среднего возраста выступает сыном, отцом, мужем, инженером на заводе, членом спортивного клуба, обладателем учёной степени, автором научных публикаций, пациентом в поликлинике и т. д. Количество статусов зависит от связей и отношений, в которые вступает личность.

Виды социального статуса

Существует несколько классификаций статусов:

1. Личный и социальный. Личный статус человек занимает в семье или иной малой группе в соответствии с оценкой его личностных качеств. Социальный статус (примеры: учитель, рабочий, управленец) определяется действиями, выполняемыми индивидом для общества.
2. Основной и эпизодический. Основной статус связан с главными функциями в жизни человека. Чаще всего основные статусы – это семьянин и работник. Эпизодические связаны с моментом времени, в течение которого гражданин совершает определённые действия: пешеход, читатель в библиотеке, слушатель курсов, театральный зритель и др.
3. Предписанный, достигаемый и смешанный. Предписанный статус не зависит от желания и возможностей индивида, так как даётся при рождении (национальность, место рождения, сословие). Достигаемый приобретается в результате прилагаемых усилий (уровень образования, профессия, достижения в науке, искусстве, спорте). Смешанный объединяет черты предписанного и достигаемого статусов (человек, получивший инвалидность).
4. Социально-экономический статус определяется размерами получаемых доходов и положением, которое занимает индивид сообразно своему благосостоянию.

Совокупность всех имеющихся статусов называется статусным набором.

Иерархия

Общество постоянно оценивает значимость того или иного статуса и на основании этого выстраивает иерархию положений.

Оценки зависят от пользы дела, которым занимается человек, и от системы ценностей, принятых в культуре. Престижный социальный статус (примеры: бизнесмен, директор) получает высокую оценку. На вершине иерархии оказывается генеральный статус, определяющий не только жизнь человека, но и положение близких ему людей (президент, патриарх, академик).

Если одни статусы необоснованно занижены, а другие, наоборот, чрезмерно высоки, то говорят о нарушении статусного равновесия. Тенденция к его утрате ставит под угрозу нормальную жизнедеятельность общества.

Иерархия статусов бывает и субъективной. Человек сам определяет, что ему важнее, в каком статусе он чувствует себя лучше, какие выгоды извлекает, находясь в том или ином положении.

Изменение социального статуса

Социальный статус не может быть чем-то неизменным, так как жизнь людей не статична. Перемещение человека из одной социальной группы в другую называется социальной мобильностью, которая подразделяется на вертикальную и горизонтальную.

О вертикальной мобильности говорят, когда социальный статус личности повышается или понижается (рабочий становится инженером, начальник отдела – рядовым сотрудником и т. д.). При горизонтальной мобильности человек сохраняет своё положение, но меняет профессию (на равноценную по статусу), место жительства (становится эмигрантом).

Также выделяют межпоколенную и внутрипоколенную мобильность. Первая определяет, насколько дети повысили или понизили свой статус по отношению к статусу родителей, а по второй судят о том, насколько успешна социальная карьера у представителей одного поколения (виды социального статуса учитываются).

Каналами социальной мобильности выступают социальные институты: школа, семья, церковь, армия, общественные организации и политические партии. Образование представляет собой социальный лифт, помогающий человеку достичь желаемого статуса.

Приобретенный личностью высокий социальный статус или понижение такового свидетельствуют об индивидуальной мобильности. Если статус меняет некая общность людей (например, в результате революции), то имеет место групповая мобильность.

Социальные роли

Пребывая в том или ином статусе, человек совершает поступки, общается с другими людьми, то есть играет роль. Социальный статус и социальная роль тесно взаимосвязаны, но отличаются друг от друга. Статус – это положение, а роль – социально ожидаемое поведение, определяемое статусом. Если врач хамит и ругается матом, а учитель злоупотребляет спиртным, то это не соответствует занимаемому статусу.

Термин «роль» позаимствовали из театра, чтобы подчеркнуть стереотипность поведения людей похожих социальных групп. Человек не может поступать так, как ему хочется. Поведение индивида определяют правила и нормы, характерные для конкретной социальной группы и общества в целом.

В отличие от статуса роль динамична, тесно связана с особенностями характера и моральными установками человека. Иногда ролевого поведения придерживаются только на людях, как бы надевая маску. Но бывает и так, что маска срастается с её носителем, и человек перестаёт различать себя и свою роль. В зависимости от ситуации такое положение дел имеет как позитивные, так и негативные последствия.

Социальный статус и социальная роль – две стороны одной медали.

Разнообразие социальных ролей

Поскольку людей в мире много и каждый человек – индивидуальность, вряд ли найдутся две одинаковые роли. Некоторые ролевые модели требуют эмоциональной сдержанности, владения собой (адвокат, хирург, начальник похоронного бюро), а для других ролей (актёр, воспитатель, мама, бабушка) эмоции очень даже востребованы.

Одни роли загоняют человека в жёсткие рамки (должностные инструкции, уставы и т. д.), другие не имеют рамок (родители полностью отвечают за поведение детей).

Исполнение ролей тесно связано с мотивами, которые тоже неодинаковы. Всё определяют социальный статус в обществе и личные мотивы. Чиновника волнует продвижение по службе, финансиста – прибыль, а учёного — поиск истины.

Ролевой набор

Под ролевым набором понимается совокупность ролей, характерная для того или иного статуса. Так, доктор наук находится в роли исследователя, преподавателя, наставника, научного руководителя, консультанта и т. д. Каждая роль подразумевает свои способы общения с окружающими. Тот же преподаватель по-разному ведёт себя с коллегами, студентами, ректором университета.

Понятие «ролевой набор» описывает всё многообразие социальных ролей, присущих конкретному статусу. Ни одна роль не бывает жёстко закреплённой за её носителем. Например, один из супругов остаётся без работы и на какое-то время (а может быть, и навсегда) теряет роли коллеги, подчинённого, руководителя, становится домохозяйкой (домохозяином).

Во многих семьях социальные роли симметричны: и муж, и жена в равной степени выступают кормильцами, хозяевами дома и воспитателями детей. В такой ситуации важно придерживаться золотой середины: чрезмерное увлечение одной ролью (директор фирмы, бизнес-вумен) приводит к нехватке сил и времени на другие (отец, мать).

Ролевые ожидания

Отличие социальных ролей от психических состояний и свойств личности состоит в том, что роли представляют собой некий исторически выработанный эталон поведения. К носителю той или иной роли предъявляются требования. Так, ребёнок непременно должен быть послушным, школьник или студент – хорошо учиться, рабочий – соблюдать трудовую дисциплину и т. д. Социальный статус и социальная роль обязывают действовать так, а не иначе. Система требований по-другому называется ожиданиями.

Ролевые ожидания выступают промежуточным звеном между статусом и ролью. Ролевым считается только такое поведение, которое соответствует статусу. Если преподаватель вместо того, чтобы читать лекцию по высшей математике, начнёт петь под гитару, то студенты будут удивлены, ведь они ждут от доцента или профессора других поведенческих реакций.

Ролевые ожидания состоят из действий и качеств. Заботясь о ребёнке, играя с ним, укладывая малыша спать, мама выполняет действия, а успешному выполнению действий способствуют доброта, отзывчивость, эмпатия, умеренная строгость.

Соответствие исполняемой роли важно не только окружающим, но и самому человеку. Подчинённый стремится заслужить уважение начальника, получает моральное удовлетворение от высокой оценки результатов своего труда. Спортсмен усиленно тренируется, чтобы установить рекорд. Писатель работает над созданием бестселлера. Социальный статус человека обязывает быть на высоте. Если ожидания индивида не соответствуют ожиданиям окружающих, то возникают внутренние и внешние конфликты.

Ролевой конфликт

Противоречия между носителями ролей возникают либо из-за несоответствия ожиданиям, либо из-за того, что одна роль полностью исключает другую. Молодой человек более или менее успешно исполняет роли сына и друга. Но друзья зовут парня на дискотеку, а родители требуют, чтобы он остался дома. У врача скорой помощи заболел ребёнок, а доктора срочно вызывают в больницу, так как случилось стихийное бедствие. Муж хочет ехать на дачу, чтобы помочь своим родителям, а жена бронирует путёвку на море, чтобы оздоровить детей.

Разрешение ролевых конфликтов – дело непростое. Участникам противостояния приходится определяться с тем, какая роль важнее, но в большинстве случаев более уместными оказываются компромиссы. Подросток возвращается с вечеринки пораньше, доктор оставляет своего ребёнка с мамой, бабушкой или няней, а супруги оговаривают сроки участия в дачных работах и время путешествий всей семьёй.

Иногда разрешением конфликта становится выход из роли: смена работы, поступление в университет, развод. Чаще всего человек понимает, что он перерос ту или иную роль или она стала ему в тягость. Смена ролей неизбежна по мере роста и развития ребёнка: младенец, малыш раннего возраста, дошкольник, ученик начальных классов, подросток, юноша, взрослый человек. Переход на новую возрастную ступень обеспечивается внутренними и внешними противоречиями.

Социализация

С рождения человек усваивает нормы, образцы поведения и культурные ценности, характерные для того или иного общества. Так происходит социализация, приобретается социальный статус индивида. Без социализации человек не может стать полноценной личностью. На социализацию влияют средства массовой информации, культурные традиции народа, социальные институты (семья, школа, трудовые коллективы, общественные объединения и т. д.).

Целенаправленная социализация происходит в результате обучения и воспитания, но усилия родителей и педагогов корректируются улицей, экономической и политической ситуацией в стране, телевидением, интернетом и прочими факторами.

От эффективности социализации зависит дальнейшее развитие общества. Дети вырастают и занимают статусы родителей, принимают на себя те или иные роли. Если семья и государство не уделяли достаточного внимания воспитанию подрастающего поколения, то в общественной жизни наступают деградация и застой.

Члены общества согласуют своё поведение с некими стандартами. Это могут быть предписанные нормы (законы, постановления, правила) или негласные ожидания. Любое несоответствие стандартам считается отклонением, или девиацией. Примеры девиации — наркомания, проституция, алкоголизм, педофилия и т. д. Девиация бывает индивидуальной, когда от нормы отклоняется один человек, и групповой (неформальные группы).

Социализация происходит в результате двух взаимосвязанных процессов: интернализации и социальной адаптации. Человек приспосабливается к социальным условиям, осваивает правила игры, обязательные для всех членов общества. Со временем нормы, ценности, установки, представления о том, что хорошо, а что плохо, становятся частью внутреннего мира личности.

Люди социализируются на протяжении всей жизни, и на каждом возрастном этапе приобретаются и теряются статусы, осваиваются новые роли, возникают и разрешаются конфликты. Так происходит развитие личности.

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More than 40 years after the Civil Rights Act passed, almost 60% of African Americans still live in segregated neighborhoods and 90% of African Americans report that racial discrimination is still a major problem.90003 90004 Gender Inequality 90005 90002 A report from the Pew Research Center Fact Tank indicates that about 50% of Americans feel the country needs to do more to address the income gap between men and women. Women still lag behind men in wages and top leadership positions held, although they are now more likely to attain a college degree. 90003 90002 Worldwide, the situation is even more extreme. UNICEF reports that 12 million girls are married before they reach adulthood, and 98 million high school-aged girls do not attend school.90003 90004 Health Care Availability 90005 90002 When people are sick or hurt, they need access to medical care to get better. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), almost one in 20 U.S. citizens do not obtain needed medical care because of the cost. Worldwide, 97 million people become impoverished by seeking needed medical care, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). Governments around the world are working on this problem, as are nonprofit organizations.90003 90004 Childhood Obesity 90005 90002 Some types of social problems are health-based, but they also have an impact on socio-economic issues. For instance, the CDC reports that 18.5% of U.S. children are considered obese, having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile. 90003 90002 However, the childhood obesity epidemic does not affect all children equally. 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Wealthy and highborn parishioners sat in the front rows. 90004 Courtesy of Folger Shakespeare Library; CC-BY-SA 4.0 (A Britannica Publishing Partner) 90005 See all videos for this article 90006 90002 Social status 90003, also called 90002 status 90003, the relative rank that an individual holds, with attendant rights, duties, and lifestyle, in a social hierarchy based upon honour or prestige.Status may be ascribed-that is, assigned to individuals at birth without reference to any innate abilities-or achieved, requiring special qualities and gained through competition and individual effort. Ascribed status is typically based on sex, age, race, family relationships, or birth, while achieved status may be based on education, occupation, marital status, accomplishments, or other factors. 90011

90006 Read More on This Topic 90011
90006 Hinduism: Ritual and social status 90011
90006 The caste system, which has organized Indian society for millennia, is thoroughly legitimated by and intertwined with Hindu religious doctrine… 90011

90006 The word 90019 status 90020 implies social stratification on a vertical scale. People may be said to occupy high positions when they are able to control, by order or by influence, other people’s conduct; when they derive prestige from holding important offices; or when their conduct is esteemed by others. Relative status is a major factor in determining the way people behave toward each other (90019 see 90020 role). 90011 90006 One’s status tends to vary with social context.For example, the position of a man in his kin group helps determine his position in the larger community. The Native American Hopi lineage, although unnamed, contains the mechanism for transmitting rights to land, houses, and ceremonial knowledge and is thus vital to personal status. Among the Tallensi of Ghana, a boy who has lost his father is head of a household and therefore counts as an elder; a middle-aged man living under his father’s roof is formally a child. Status may be governed by occupational considerations; thus, in parts of sub-Saharan Africa blacksmiths commonly form a separate group of low status.In the Hindu caste system, sweepers are at the bottom of the scale because they handle excrement. 90011 90006 In most Western urban-industrial societies, such attributes as a respected occupation, the possession and consumption of material goods, physical appearance and dress, and etiquette and manners have become more important than lineage in determining one’s social status. Occupations in these societies tend to be graded along a continuum rather than in a rigid hierarchy. 90011
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90006 Status is closely correlated with etiquette and morality and in many societies rises with the liberal use of wealth (90019 see 90020 gift exchange; potlatch). Manipulation of the wealth-status system in such cases often demands great individual effort, aggression, and chicanery. 90011 90006 Status groups are aggregates of persons arranged in a hierarchical social system. Such groups differ from social classes in being based on considerations of honour and prestige, rather than on economic status or power.Social stratification by status is common in premodern societies. The members of a status group interact mainly within their own group and to a lesser degree with those of higher or lower status. In some societies, clans or lineages may be ranked generally as aristocrats and commoners or graded from a royal clan down to clans that are stigmatized for lowly occupation or slave origin. Perhaps the most striking manifestation of status groups is found in the caste system of India. In Hindu villages there are usually members of a number of small endogamous groups (subcastes) based on traditional occupations, arranged from Brahmans to Untouchables.Contact with a person of lower caste (such as eating or drinking from his hands, bodily contact) pollutes the member of a higher caste and necessitates ritual purification. The age-grade system (90019 see 90020 age set) of many traditional East African societies may also resemble a status group. 90011.90000 List Of Social Issues Essay Topics For 2020 90001
90002 Social issues influence people within a society, and people strive to find solutions to them. Often, they are the consequences of factors extending beyond an individual’s control. Social issues are the source of a conflicting opinion on the ground of what is perceived as morally correct or incorrect personal life. 90003
90002 These social issues are exceedingly diverse because they exist within the cultural, ethnic, and moral boundaries.There are disagreements around social issues that are worth solving, or that should take precedence. 90005 90006 90005 90003
90002 Different individuals and societies have different perceptions. Therefore, what is considered a social problem in one culture may be an entire typical event in another community. 90003
90011 Some Social Issue Tips You Include in Your Essay are: 90012
90013
90014 Religion. Different religious settings and places of worship have bonds that bring their followers together.Some of these religious groups also tend to be healthy and glued together by the values ​​they share. 90015
90014 Gender identity. How we identify ourselves makes a huge social difference in the way we interact with one another. For example, lesbian bars are social meeting places for lesbians. Some joints only attract men or women. 90015
90014 The government and social life. The government follows our posts on social media, therefore hindering what we can and can not post. The government does this to control political comments that may stir hatred in the country.90015
90014 War. Various wars have created a rift in different social settings; for example, people from Arabian countries are strictly on what they can post on social media. 90015
90014 Family and single parenthood. Single-parent families also cause social issues in different social settings. Family, primarily single parenthood, may affect growth in children, especially criticism from their peers, and may also affect the children’s mental and emotional health. 90015
90014 Drugs and alcohol abuse.Drugs may have a significant effect on people’s health and emotional issues because of addiction and changes they may have on an individual’s behavior in society. 90015
90014 Social media and bullying. Bullying can cause suicidal thoughts and changes in a person’s behavior. 90015
90014 Materialism. Fashion and lifestyle trends can have an impact on how both teenagers and adults communicate with each other in society. 90015
90014 Obesity and social life. Body shaming is also an issue that affects how people interact in a social setting.90015
90014 Education. Educational disparity, which also impacts one’s financial status, may also be a cause for social differences in society. 90015
90014 Social life and the economy. Social life and finances can also be a line between people in some social setups. 90015
90014 Poverty and social life. Economic and financial status may also cause a difference among people. 90015
90014 National pride and identity. These two also determine how people communicate with one another. 90015
90014 The internet versus social life.The internet also differentiates how people interact with one another. 90015
90014 The power of advertisements. Different types of products also define different types of people. 90015
90014 Suicide and social media. Social media has been one of the major causes of suicidal thoughts. 90015
90014 Procrastination. Students, for example, may put off assignments for other fun activities. While procrastination may improve one’s social life, it may ruin their academic performance. 90015
90014 Racism.Racism is one of the types of categorization in the contemporary world that ultimately affects how people interact socially. 90015
90014 Gender discrimination and anti-harassment movements that are popular, especially at places of work, social media, or other social settings, also affect people’s social lives. 90015
90014 The issue of pornography is also some social issues that may affect how people interact with each other. 90015
90014 Isolation of people living with HIV / AIDS. Symptoms like HIV / AIDS and other diseases also determine whether people are accepting or disapproving others in their social circles.90015
90056
90057 List of Current Social Issues 90058
90002 Current social issues refer to the numerous modern-day problems that have hit conventional media as well as social media headlines. They include the following: 90003
90013
90014 The question of abortion 90015
90014 Gay marriage 90015
90014 Marital rape 90015
90014 Government mandates 90015
90014 The frequent power advertisement 90015
90014 Obesity and social life 90015
90014 Poverty and social life 90015
90014 Materialism 90015
90014 Social media propagating bad vices, especially among the youths 90015
90014 Cyberbullying 90015
90014 Social stratification 90015
90014 Sex work also referred to as paid rape 90015
90014 Beauty standards 90015
90056
90057 Social Issues in America 90058
90002 Considering the great diversity in America, there are issues with the following: 90003
90013
90014 An expensive educational system that does not meet the needs of society 90015
90014 Inequality in terms of wealth and income 90015
90014 Equality of standing, concerning race, sexual orientation, ethnicity or religion 90015
90014 Accessible and affordable healthcare 90015
90014 Unfair law enforcement and a lousy prison system 90015
90014 The fight over the need for guns 90015
90014 Unemployment 90015
90014 Poverty 90015
90014 Illegal migration 90015
90014 Discrimination and racism 90015
90014 Environment and climate change 90015
90056
90057 Causes of Social Issues 90058
90002 These are the general factors that affect society.They transform an individual’s real lives. The principal objectives of social problems are poverty, rapid population growth, unemployment, urbanization, lack of education, gender discrimination, as well as superstitious beliefs. 90003
90002 In most cases, people practice and promote social injustices because they are ignorant of the adversities. Nonetheless, several organizations are working on trying and eliminating these social problems. Below are some of the causes of social issues: 90003
90013
90014 90125 Rapid population growth 90126 — this is the increase in the number of individuals.Human migration and demographic factors cause rapid population growth as well as increasing the birth rate. Often, population growth comes with an increase in unemployment and poverty. 90015
90014 90125 Urbanization 90126 — refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas. People believe that living in a city can provide opportunities, diversities, and market place completion. Yet, with urbanization comes enormous social, economic, and environmental changes. It comes with an increased cost of living, stress, and negative social aspects that result from a mass.90015
90014 90125 Lack of education 90126 — people with poor education, are at risk from a lifetime of extensive manual work and mental healthcare, poor diet, living conditions, and social situations. Due to lack of education, people do not take care of themselves because they are less educated about topics such as family planning and good hygiene. 90015
90014 90125 Unemployment 90126 — this occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. The reason why unemployment is one of the causes of social problems is that it leads to frustration — leading the victims into burglary, looting, murder, theft, robbery, etc.90015
90014 90125 Poverty 90126 — this is the lack of a certain amount of material possessions or money. With poverty comes the lack of food, health services, basic human needs, and others. 90015
90014 90125 Superstitious beliefs 90126 — certain superstitious beliefs are deeply rooted in some societies which promote social problems. The beliefs in various traditions may also impact an individual’s progress. Superstitious beliefs happen because people are innocent; they are not conscious of the consequences of their beliefs and practices.Such people are very gullible. Hence, they are easily convinced and cheated. 90015
90014 90125 Gender discrimination 90126 profoundly influences our societies. The males finalize most decisions. In most cases, perception may not be visible on the surface. 90015
90056
90002 Social issues transform almost every aspect of society. Therefore, while writing an essay on social problems, you need to pick a topic that is most appealing to you. Selecting a topic is vital and goes a long way in determining your grade.So, before choosing any topic, make sure you pick a topic you find interesting and one that you can research and write on with ease. Here are examples of essay topics on social issues: 90003
90013
90014 Define racism and describe the impact it can have on society. 90015
90014 Write a persuasive essay explaining how social media has impaired face-to-face conversations. 90015
90014 Write an essay and demonstrate the challenges single parents face. 90015
90014 Define gender and explain how it impacts the lives of people around you.90015
90014 Explain five stereotypes used towards the LGBT people. 90015
90014 Explain how teen pregnancy and how it affects young girls. 90015
90014 Does domestic violence affect children? 90015
90014 Discuss the causes of bullying in school. 90015
90014 Why is prostitution not legal in many countries 90015
90014 Explain how cybercrime affects people’s lives 90015
90056
90002 There are more examples of social issues essay topics on different categories, which include the following: 90003
90057 Social Justice Essay Topics: 90058
90013
90014 Is ageism similar to racism? 90015
90014 What are the consequences of deprivation of health? 90015
90014 Do convicts still get punished even after serving time? 90015
90014 How fair are labor laws? 90015
90014 What is society’s perception of domestic violence towards men? 90015
90014 Is discrimination towards pregnant women on the rise? 90015
90056
90057 Pornography Essay Topics: 90058
90013
90014 Dealing with pornography addiction 90015
90014 Children and pornography.90015
90014 Shaming of pornstars in society. 90015
90014 Is suicide common in the porn industry? 90015
90014 How a society treats pornstars who cross over to other industries 90015
90014 Does pornography addiction affect family life? 90015
90056
90057 Migration and Immigration Topics: 90058
90013
90014 Refugees in the world 90015
90014 What are the consequences of building a wall between Mexico and America? 90015
90014 Living undocumented: the deportation of illegal immigrants 90015
90014 What is the history of Australian immigration? 90015
90056
90057 Peace and War Topics: 90058
90013
90014 Impact of war on terrorism in society 90015
90014 Is society keen on peace education? 90015
90014 What role do women play in war? 90015
90014 War crimes across the world.90015
90014 What role does the media play in wartime? 90015
90056
90057 Discrimination and Prejudice Topics: 90058
90013
90014 Stereotypes in the US. 90015
90014 Racial profiling: How does it affect society? 90015
90014 Discrimination in sports 90015
90014 Hate speech in the job market 90015
90014 White privilege in society 90015
90014 Perception of same-sex couples 90015
90056
90002 90125 Cultural Property Topics: 90126 90003
90013
90014 Cultural heritage theft 90015
90014 Protection of cultural heritage 90015
90014 Food culture and the differences it stirs in society 90015
90056
90002 90125 Illiteracy Topics: 90126 90003
90013
90014 Illiteracy in the digital age 90015
90014 Problems caused by illiteracy 90015
90014 How does emotional illiteracy affect families? 90015
90014 Examples of illiteracy and how they affect American society 90015
90056
90002 90125 Violence Topics: 90126 90003
90013
90014 The effect of political unrest on domestic violence.90015
90014 Rape culture in society 90015
90014 How gangs and violence affect Miami 90015
90056
90002 90125 Consumption and Development Topics: 90126 90003
90013
90014 Overconsumption in the US 90015
90014 The consumption culture in America 90015
90014 Consumption in different industries. 90015
90056
90002 In conclusion, writing essays on social issues is not a big challenge, as some students believe. The secret in writing, such as essay, is to understand or have an idea about a specific social issue you wish to handle.But in case you’re not ready to write such an essay on your own, do not be afraid to ask for help of the best writing service out there. 90003
.90000 Social Organization: Status and Role 90001
90002 90003 90004 Status and Role 90005 90006 90007
90008
90009
90010 90011
90012
90013
90009
90015
90002
90007 90011
90013
90009
90015
90022 Commonly expected 90023
role of a father around 90023
the world is as a 90023
protector and provider 90007 90011
90013
90009
90012
90013
90032
90033 90034 90023
90036 In all of the many social groups that we as
individuals belong to, we have a status and a role to fulfill.
90034 Status 90036
is our relative social position within a group, while a
90034 role 90036 is the
part our society expects us to play in a given status. For example, a
man may have the status of father in his family. Because of this status,
he is expected to fulfill a role for his children that in most societies
requires him to nurture, educate, guide, and protect them. Of course,
mothers usually have complementary roles. 90007
90033 Social group membership gives us a set of statuses
and role tags that allow people to know what to expect from each other — they
make us more predictable.However, it is common for people to have multiple
overlapping statuses and roles. This potentially makes social encounters
more complex. A woman who is a mother for some children may be an aunt
or grandmother for others. At the same time, she may be a wife for one
or more men, and she very likely is a daughter and granddaughter of several
other people. For each of these various kinship statuses, she is
expected to play a somewhat different role and to be able to switch between
them instantaneously.For instance, if she is having a conversation with
her mother and young daughter, she is likely to politely defer to the former
but will be knowledgeable and «in-control» with the other. These role
related behaviors change as rapidly as she turns her head to face one or the
other. However, her unique personal relationships might lead her to
think and act differently than what would be culturally expected. In
other words, social group membership gives us a set of role tags that allow
people to know what to expect from each other, but they are not always
straight jackets for behavior.90007

90044
90009
90015
90011
90015 90011
90015 Three generations of 90023
women in
a family, 90023
each playing several 90023
different roles in their 90023
casual
interaction. 90011
90013
90032

90002 90034 90023
Acquiring Statuses 90036 90007
90033 The way in which people get our statuses can vary
significantly in detail from culture to culture.In all societies, however, they are either achieved or ascribed.
90034 Achieved statuses 90036
are ones that are acquired by doing something. For instance, someone
becomes a criminal

by
committing a crime. A soldier earns the status of a good warrior by
achievements in battle and by being brave. A woman becomes a mother by having a baby.
She also can acquire the status of widow by the death of her husband. In contrast,
90034 ascribed statuses 90036 are the result of being born into a particular family or
being born male or female.Being a prince by birth or being the first of
four children in a family are ascribed statuses. We do not make a
decision to choose them — they are not voluntary statuses. We do not
pick the family we are born into nor do we usually select our own gender.
90007
90069
90009
90010 90011
90013
90009
90015
90011
90013
90009
90015
90022 Bill Clinton
rose from relative 90023
poverty to the Presidency of 90023
the United States.His life 90023
exemplifies the national ideal 90023
of a «self-made man». In 90023
contrast, his daughter was 90023
accorded special treatment 90023
while he was in the White 90023
House because of her 90023
ascribed status as the child 90023
of a president. 90007 90011
90013
90009
90012
90013
90032
90033 Both achieved and ascribed statuses exist in all
societies. However, some cultures choose to emphasize the importance of
one or the other.In North America today, achieved statuses outside of
the family are reinforced while ascribed ones are generally rejected.
Children are encouraged from an early age to be independent and self-reliant.
They are told to better themselves in life. This can be seen in
the admiration of «self-made people» and in the somewhat negative image in the
mass media of people who are rich only because they inherited it. This
strong cultural bias has led to the enactment of anti-nepotism laws for
government jobs.These make it a crime to hire and promote people
because they are your relatives. In addition, the North American
emphasis on achieved status has led to an acceptance and encouragement of
social class mobility and a rejection of gender and ethnicity based
restrictions. Children are taught in school from an early age that,
despite the fact that they may be from a poor family, male or female, they should aspire to
get a good education, better themselves and their family economically, and
even become a leader in society.90007
90033 In India, ascribed, rather than achieved, social
status has been strongly reinforced for more than 3,000 years and permeates
most areas of life even today. As a result, social mobility has been
very difficult to achieve until recent generations. Even now, it is limited for those at the bottom of society. At the heart of the
Indian ascription system are 90034 castes 90036

(Or varnas

). These are carefully ranked, rigidly
hereditary social divisions of society.90007

90069
90009
90010 90011
90015 90011
90013
90009
90015
90002
90007 90011
90013
90009
90015
90022 Lower caste woman 90023
from Ajmer, India 90007 90011
90013
90009
90015
90011
90013
90032
90033 Each of the Indian castes have sub-castes, or jatis

,
that in turn are ranked relative to each other.The whole system is
reinforced by the Hindu religion and historical traditions. The one sixth of
all Indians who are members of the «scheduled castes» are essentially so low in
status as to be outside of the formal caste system. They are the
poorest people, and they mostly do the «unclean» ritually polluting jobs of sweeping streets,
cleaning toilets, tanning leather, etc. Members of the other castes are not as restricted
in their occupations and aspirations today.However, caste identity
largely determines who one can marry in India and it prevents socializing
across caste lines. 90007
90033 Underlying and constantly reinforcing the Indian
caste system is the Hindu religion and its concept of ritual pollution.
People in the higher castes must take great care not to be polluted by contact
with members of the lower castes and especially the «untouchables.»
Being polluted puts one out of one’s caste and requires ritual cleansing.As a result, Indian restaurants usually have chefs who are
from the Brahman caste. Since they are at the top of this ascribed
status system, they
can not pollute any customers, regardless of their caste. Likewise, a
Brahman doctor would be more acceptable to all. 90007
90033 The Indian national government has attempted to
encourage achieved status by outlawing many of the traditional aspects of the
caste system. They also have instituted affirmative action programs to
increase the number of lower caste and «untouchable» students in universities and
government.This social engineering has faced considerable resentment
and resistance from members of the higher castes. However, the Indian government
continues to encourage this change with the hope that social mobility will
ultimately make the caste system less relevant to public life. 90007
90033 Castes are not limited to India. They may be
found in one form or another in most nations today. In Europe, the royal
families traditionally were a separate caste from the peasant farmers,
tradesmen, and other classes.Only rarely were «commoners» allowed to
become members of the royalty.
In North America, one’s race or ethnicity is often a caste identity. Most black,
white, or other Americans do not have the option of waking up tomorrow and
deciding that they will be a different race. Society generally will
not allow them to do it. While race is greatly a socially and culturally
constructed reality rather than a biological one, it is still a reality just
the same in North America and in much of the rest of the world as well.90007
90137
90033 90007

90140

90141

90002 This page was last updated on
Tuesday, June 27, 2006. 90023
Copyright 2003-2006 by Dennis
O’Neil.
All rights reserved. 90023
Illustration credits 90007
.