Затухание в психологии: Психологическая энциклопедия — значение слова Затухание

Эффект затухания эмоций: почему мы снова соглашаемся на то, что было реально плохо

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Когда я первый раз выступала на любительских соревнованиях по кроссфиту, это было просто ужасно. В зале было дико холодно, разогреться было сложно, но я провела там весь день, периодически выполняя убийственные комплексы.

После первого я думала, что придётся выползать с площадки, потому что ноги отказали, а после второго хотела уехать домой и сменить кроссфит на йогу. В общем, мне было плохо и совсем невесело. Но прошло полгода, и я записалась на новые соревнования.

Вспомните, как часто вы рассказываете весёлые истории о том, как вам было страшно, больно, обидно. Однако любая передряга через пару лет может стать превосходной шуткой. И всё это объясняет эффект затухания эмоций.

Что это за эффект

Ричард Уокер (Richard Walker) провёл три исследования ^{, в которых сравнил эмоции людей сразу после события и через три месяца, один год и 4,5 года после него.}

Участники эксперимента вели дневники: записывали события своей жизни и оценивали, насколько приятным было каждое из них. Учёные собирали заметки каждую неделю, а в конце эксперимента приглашали участников в лабораторию для оценки прошлых событий.

Все три эксперимента показали, что чем больше времени прошло, тем меньше эмоций вызывает произошедшее.

Но тут обнаружили одну странность: негативные эмоции затухали быстрее позитивных.

Казалось бы, с эволюционной точки зрения полезно дольше хранить именно негативные эмоции. Ведь они возникают в ответ на что-то неприятное, а значит, могут помочь человеку сторониться потенциально опасных событий. Но учёные обнаружили противоположный эффект.

Почему люди забывают негатив

Есть несколько причин, по которым негатив так быстро выветривается из памяти.

Смена обстоятельств и отношения к ним

Человек меняется на протяжении всей жизни. И то, что раньше казалось катастрофой, в свете нового опыта может предстать совсем в другом ключе.

Например, мужчина делает предложение, а женщина отказывает. Он испытывает гнев, печаль, разочарование. Спустя время он находит другую партнёршу, которая подходит ему гораздо больше, и создаёт крепкую и счастливую семью.

В свете новых событий воспоминания о прошлой возлюбленной могут вызвать положительные эмоции.

Ведь если бы она не отказалась от брака, мужчина потратил бы время зря и не обрёл прекрасную семью, которая есть у него сейчас.

Таким же образом могут смениться детские воспоминания. К примеру, в то время вы покрывались холодным потом от мысли о монстре под кроватью. Но сейчас понимаете, что опасности не было, и воспоминания вызывают улыбку.

Представление истории с более выгодной стороны

Большинство ярких случаев из жизни превращаются в истории. Поскольку всем хочется представить свою жизнь как что-то интересное и в целом хорошее, эмоциональная окраска события часто меняется.

Позитивные истории вызывают смех окружающих, что радует рассказчика и меняет его память о настоящих эмоциях, пережитых в прошлом.

Со временем настоящие обстоятельства стираются, а в памяти остаётся только рассказ. И человек верит, что всё так и было.

Эту теорию подтверждает исследование ^{, во время которого людей попросили вспомнить четыре истории из жизни: две популярные, рассказанные более 10 раз, и две личные, которыми делились не более пяти раз. Также участникам надо было вспомнить случаи, которыми они делились с широким кругом людей, и рассказы для узкой аудитории.}

Оказалось, что популярные истории, которые рассказывали чаще и в больших компаниях, были более позитивными, чем личные рассказы для узкого круга слушателей.

Зачем нам этот механизм

Есть несколько причин, и все они необходимы для психического здоровья человека.

Избавление от лишнего стресса

События жизни никуда не исчезают — они остаются в памяти и становятся частью вашей истории.

Вспоминая плохие события, вы испытываете негативные эмоции, а тело реагирует на это выбросом ^{кортизола — гормона стресса.}

Если бы негативные эмоции не меркли со временем, вы гораздо чаще находились бы в подавленном состоянии.

А это вредно ^{для когнитивных способностей и здоровья в целом.}

Утверждение позитивного взгляда на себя и свою жизнь

Чтобы успешно действовать в социуме, справляться с новым опытом и поддерживать мотивацию что-то делать, человеку нужно знать, что он классный, и верить, что всё будет хорошо.

Доказано, что у людей с депрессией и тревожными расстройствами эффект затухания эмоций работает хуже ^{, так что они тащат за собой гораздо больше негатива из прошлого.}

Эффект затухания негативных эмоций же помогает создать позитивный взгляд на себя и свою жизнь и продолжать действовать дальше, несмотря на то, что ошибки, провалы и эмоциональная боль поджидают на каждом шагу.

Как избежать этого эффекта

Несмотря на то что этот эффект затухания эмоций просто необходим человеку для жизни, иногда он может ввести в заблуждение.

Например, когда вы снова соглашаетесь на то, что не принесло удовольствия в прошлый раз.  Наверняка в вашей жизни были события, в процессе которых вы думали: «Это последний раз! Я больше этого делать не буду». Но позже под влиянием других людей снова соглашались.

В таких ситуациях может помочь ведение дневника. Это в целом полезная штука, которая убережёт вас от пустой траты времени. Если вы смутно помните, что в прошлом событие принесло мало радости, перечитайте свои записи и сделайте выводы.

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.90000 psychology | Definition, History, Fields, Methods, & Facts 90001

90002 90003 Psychology 90004, scientific discipline that studies mental states and processes and behaviour in humans and other animals. 90005 William James 90006 Courtesy of the Harvard University News Service 90007

90002 Britannica Quiz 90005
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90002 According to Freud, which inner force contains the libido? 90005

90002 The discipline of psychology is broadly divisible into two parts: a large profession of practitioners and a smaller but growing science of mind, brain, and social behaviour.The two have distinctive goals, training, and practices, but some psychologists integrate the two. 90005

90016 Early history 90017
90002 In Western culture, contributors to the development of psychology came from many areas, beginning with philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Hippocrates philosophized about basic human temperaments (e.g., choleric, sanguine, melancholic) and their associated traits. Informed by the biology of his time, he speculated that physical qualities, such as yellow bile or too much blood, might underlie differences in temperament (90019 see also 90020 humour).Aristotle postulated the brain to be the seat of the rational human mind, and in the 17th century René Descartes argued that the mind gives people the capacities for thought and consciousness: the mind «decides» and the body carries out the decision-a dualistic mind -body split that modern psychological science is still working to overcome. Two figures who helped to found psychology as a formal discipline and science in the 19th century were Wilhelm Wundt in Germany and William James in the United States.James’s 90019 The Principles of Psychology 90020 (1890) defined psychology as the science of mental life and provided insightful discussions of topics and challenges that anticipated much of the field’s research agenda a century later. 90005
90002 During the first half of the 20th century, however, behaviourism dominated most of American academic psychology. In 1913 John B. Watson, one of the influential founders of behaviourism, urged reliance on only objectively measurable actions and conditions, effectively removing the study of consciousness from psychology.He argued that psychology as a science must deal exclusively with directly observable behaviour in lower animals as well as humans, emphasized the importance of rewarding only desired behaviours in child rearing, and drew on principles of learning through classical conditioning (based on studies with dogs by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov and thus known as Pavlovian conditioning). In the United States most university psychology departments became devoted to turning psychology away from philosophy and into a rigorous empirical science.90005 90003 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov 90004 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 90006 Mansell Collection 90007
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90016 Behaviourism 90017
90002 Beginning in the 1930s, behaviourism flourished in the United States, with B.F. Skinner leading the way in demonstrating the power of operant conditioning through reinforcement. Behaviourists in university settings conducted experiments on the conditions controlling learning and «shaping» behaviour through reinforcement, usually working with laboratory animals such as rats and pigeons.Skinner and his followers explicitly excluded mental life, viewing the human mind as an impenetrable «black box,» open only to conjecture and speculative fictions. Their work showed that social behaviour is readily influenced by manipulating specific contingencies and by changing the consequences or reinforcement (rewards) to which behaviour leads in different situations. Changes in those consequences can modify behaviour in predictable stimulus-response (S-R) patterns. Likewise, a wide range of emotions, both positive and negative, may be acquired through processes of conditioning and can be modified by applying the same principles.90005
90016 Freud and his followers 90017
90002 Concurrently, in a curious juxtaposition, the psychoanalytic theories and therapeutic practices developed by the Vienna-trained physician Sigmund Freud and his many disciples-beginning early in the 20th century and enduring for many decades-were undermining the traditional view of human nature as essentially rational. Freudian theory made reason secondary: for Freud, the unconscious and its often socially unacceptable irrational motives and desires, particularly the sexual and aggressive, were the driving force underlying much of human behaviour and mental illness.Making the unconscious conscious became the therapeutic goal of clinicians working within this framework. 90005 Sigmund Freud. 90006 SuperStock 90007
90002 Freud proposed that much of what humans feel, think, and do is outside awareness, self-defensive in its motivations, and unconsciously determined. Much of it also reflects conflicts grounded in early childhood that play out in complex patterns of seemingly paradoxical behaviours and symptoms. His followers, the ego psychologists, emphasized the importance of the higher-order functions and cognitive processes (e.g., competence motivation, self-regulatory abilities) as well as the individual’s psychological defense mechanisms. They also shifted their focus to the roles of interpersonal relations and of secure attachment in mental health and adaptive functioning, and they pioneered the analysis of these processes in the clinical setting. 90005
90016 After World War II and Sputnik 90017
90002 After World War II, American psychology, particularly clinical psychology, grew into a substantial field in its own right, partly in response to the needs of returning veterans.The growth of psychology as a science was stimulated further by the launching of Sputnik in 1957 and the opening of the Russian-American space race to the Moon. As part of this race, the U.S. government fueled the growth of science. For the first time, massive federal funding became available, both to support behavioral research and to enable graduate training. Psychology became both a thriving profession of practitioners and a scientific discipline that investigated all aspects of human social behaviour, child development, and individual differences, as well as the areas of animal psychology, sensation, perception, memory, and learning.90005
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